Since 1990 there have been many sweeping changes and amendments to British and International Shipping Law.
There has been a controversial Oil Pollution Act passed by the United States, two revisions of Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement, a new set of York-Antwerp Rules and amendments to the Institute Hull and Freight Clauses, and the new Merchant Shipping Act 1995.
All are thoroughly considered, monitored and discussed in this already classic new edition.

Author(s): Goodacre, J. K.
Published: 1996
Binding: Hardback
ISBN 10: 185609104X ISBN 13: 9781856091046

Chapter                                                                                                                        Page

 

            Foreword to Third Edition                                                                               

            Author’s Preface to Third Edition                                                                     

            Acknowledgements                                                                                         

            List of Plates                                                                                                    

            Index of Cases Cited                                                                                       

 

I           The Claims Scene                                                                                         

            Introduction – Position of the Insurance Broker – Average Adjusters –

Claims Adjusters – Central Accounting and Market Agreements –

Salvage Association – International Maritime Bureau – Marine Accident    Investigation Branch – Marine Safety Agency – International Maritime Organisation – Lloyd’s Agents – Lloyd’s Intelligence Department –

Lloyd’s Register of Shipping – Claims Payable Abroad – P & I Clubs –

Claims handling procedure – Company Claims Departments

 

II          Formation of the Contract                                                                            

            Introduction – The principle of good faith – Misrepresentation Act,

1967 – Non-disclosure and misrepresentation – Disclosure of criminal

offences – Conclusion of the contract

 

III        Sundry Considerations                                                                                 

Introduction – Insurable Interest – Assignment – Method of Assignment – Ratification of the policy – P.P.I. Policies – Onus of proof – Practice of

Courts in scuttling cases – “without prejudice” – Unfair Contract Terms

Act  1977 – Statements of Insurance Practice – English Law and

Jurisdiction

 

IV        The Duty of Care                                                                                          

            Introduction – The neighbourhood test – Damage to Property –

Professional Negligence – The need for a possessory title to damaged

property – Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act, 1945

 

V         The Policy Form                                                                                            

            Introduction – Policy evidence of contract – Each signature a separate

            contract – Mixed Sea ans Land Risks – Ambiguity – Slip as Evidence –

            Implied Warranties and conditions – Seaworthiness defined – Breach

of Warranty

 

VI        The Marine Adventure                                                                                             

Introduction – Ship – Goods – Other movables – Freight – The Assured –

Voyage or period of insurance – Vessel’s name – Deviation and delay – Overcarriage – The Subject-Matter Insured and its Valuation.

 

VII       Included and Excluded Losses                                                                     

            Introduction – Proximate Cause – Onus of Proof – Wilful Misconduct –

Fear of Loss – Remote Causes Ignored – Concurrent Causes – Merger –

Missing Vessel – Delay – Wear and Tear – Ordinary Leakage and

Breakage – Inherent Vice – Rats or Vermin – Injury to Machinery –

Conclusions

 

VIII      The Maritime Perils                                                                                     

            Introduction – Ejusdem Generis – Perils of the Seas – Fire – War Perils –

Pirates and Rovers – Thieves – Jettison – Captures, seizures – Arrests,

restraints and detainments of kings, princes, and peoples – Barratry

 

IX        Cargo Clauses – Particular Average                                                           

            Introduction – Institute Cargo Clauses (B) and (C) – Extra – neous

Risks – Institute Cargo Clauses (A) – All Loss or Damage – Transit

Clause – Goods-in-Transit – Port Delay Clause – Termination of Contract

Unseaworthiness and Unfitness Exclusion Clause – Forwarding Charges

Clause – Duty of Assured Clause – Not to Inure Clause – Increased Value

Clause – “Both-to-Blame Collision” Clause – Resonable Desparch Clause –

Note – English Law and Practice Clause – Air Cargo Clauses

 

X         Measure of Indemnity – Partial Loss of Cargo                                          

            Introduction – Insurable and insured values – Apportionment of

            Valuation – Apportionable part – Part of goods totally lost – Delivery

in damaged condition – Salvage loss – Replacement Clause –

Unidentifiable Cargo – Pickings, Skimmings, etc. Clauses – Charges

and Expenses – Examples of P.A.Claims

 

XI        Clauses for Special Trades                                                                          

            Introduction – Coal Clauses – Commodity Trades Clauses – FOSFA

Trade Clauses – Frozen Food Clauses – Frozen Meat Clauses – Jute

Clauses – Natural Rubber Clauses – Oil in Bulk – Timber Trade

Federation Clauses

 

XII       Documentation of Cargo Claims (P.A.): Modern Modes of Transport     

            Introduction – Insurance Policy and / or Certificate – Survey Report –

Account Sales – Documentary Evidence – Master’s Protest / Ship’s Log – Shipping Invoice – Bill of Lading – Correspondence with Carriers - Form

of Subrogation – Containerisation – Roll-on, Roll-off Vessels – Barge

Systems – Refrigerated Cargoes – Hatchless Containerships – Tankers

and the US Oil Pollution Act – Other Innovations - Combined Transport Operators.

 

XIII      Particular Average on Ship – The Reasonable Cost of Repairs                

Introduction  - No absolute standard of reasonableness – First reasonable opportunity for effecting repairs – Deferred Repairs – Temporary Repairs –

Overtime – Air Freight – Dry Dock Expenses – Tank Cleaning and/or

 Gas-freeing – Removal Expenses – Wages and Provisions – Fuel and

Stores – Scraping and Painting – Tailshafts – Discharge of cargo for ship

repairs – Cost of Owners’ Superintendence – Remittance of Funds – Rate

of Exchange – Extra Charges

 

XIV     Particular Average on Ship – Institute Time Clauses (Hulls)                    

            Introduction – Navigation – Continuation – Breach of Warranty –

Classification – Termination – Assignment – Perils – Additional Perils

Clauses – Restricted Perils Clauses – Pollution Hazard – Notice of Claim and Tenders – Deductible – Machinery Damage Additional Deductible Clause –

Duty of Assured (Sue and Labour) – Other Clauses – Comparison with

American Hull Form

 

XV       Unrepaired Damage – An Historical Review                                              

            Introduction – Stewart v. Steel – Knight v. Faith – Lidgett v. Secretan –

Pitman v. Universal Marine Insurance Co. – Marine Insurance Act, 1906, (Section 69) – Elcock and another v. Thomson – Irvin v. Hine – The

 Armar – Proposed new Rule of Practice – The Medina Princess – The

continuing dilemma – Unrepaired Damage Clause 1983 – The Argonaftis

 

XVI     Function of the Average Adjuster                                                                

            Introduction – Payments on Account – Preparation of the Adjustment  -

            Delays in Settlement – Classification Warranties – Salvage Association

Accounts  -Example of P.A. Adjustment.

 

XVII    Introduction to Freight Claims                                                                                 

            Introduction – Chartered Freight – Voyage Charters – The Aries Rule –

Time Charters – The Nanfri Test – Chartered or as if Chartered – Insurable Interest – Attachment of Risk – Advance Freight – Measure of Indemnity – Institute Freight Clauses – Effect of Disbursements Warranty – Cesser

Clause – Duty of Assured – Loss of  Hire.

 

XVIII   The Running Down Clause                                                                           

Introduction – Maritime Conventions Act – Limitation of Liability –

Merchant Shipping Acts – Running Down Clause – Supplementary

Contract – Meaning of “Collision” – tug and Tow – Meaning of “Vessel” – Inclusion of Charterers – Payment of Damages – The  Consequences of

Collision – Costs – Single and Cross Liabilities – Examples – Comparison

with American Hull form

 

XIX     Further Consideration of Shipowners’ Liabilities                                       

            Introduction – Procedure in Collision Cases – Sister Ship Clause – The

Mareva Injuction – Freight Collision Clause – Excess Liabilities –

Tower’s Liability – Rate of Exchange – Limitation of Action – Rights

of Harbour Authorities etc. – The Pilotage Acts – Oil Pollution

Liability – Priorities of claimants after a forces sale – Port Risks Clauses – Clauses for Builders’ Risks – Exemption from Liability

 

XX       Salvage                                                                                                          

            Introduction – Definition of “Salvage Charges” – Life Salvage – Persons

 Entitled to Reward – Salvage, General Average, and Sue and Labour Distinguished – Determination of Amount of Award – Separate

Assessments – Vessels in Collision – Towage or Salvage – Lloyd’s

Standard Form of Salvage Agreement – Is Award under Lloyd’s Form

 G.A. or Salvage Charges? – Sunken Treasure – Effect of Open or Sealed

Offers.

 

XXII    Yachts and Sailing Dinghies                                                                         

            Introduction – The Proposal Form – Special Provisions of Dinghy

 Policies – Institute Yacht Clauses – Collisions Claims – Limitations

of Liability – International Racing Rules – General Procedure on Claims

 

XXII    Features of General Average                                                                      

            Introduction – English Development – Effect of York –Antwerp Rules –

General Average Act – Tug and Tow – Consequences of General Average

 Act – Rules E and G – Effect of Fault – The “Jason” Clause

 

XXIII   General Average – Sacrifice and Expenditure                                            

Introduction – Port of Refuge Expenses – Resort to Port of Refuge for

 the Common Safety – Damage Sustained at Port of Loading – Meaning

of  “Port or Place” – Substituted Expenses – Expenses Lightening a Ship

when Ashore – Damage to Catgo in Discharging etc. – Jettison –

Extinguishing Fire on Shipboard – Cutting Away Wreck – Voluntary

Stranding – Salvage Remuneration – Abuse of Ship’s Equipment – Cargo,

Ship’s Materials and Stores used for Fuel

 

XXIV   General Average – Made Good and Contributory Values             

            Introduction – Amount to be Made Good (Ship) – Amount to be Made

Good (Cargo) – Amount to be Made Good (Freight) – Contributory

Values – Contributory Value of Ship – Contributory Value of Cargo

–        Hypothetical Salvage – Distribution of Losses and Expenditure –

Contributory Value of Freight  - Contributory Value of Containers –

Consecutive General Averages

 

XXV    General Average in Practice                                                            

            Introduction – Security – Interest – Procision of Funds – Insurance of

Average Disbursements – Limitation of Action – Rates of Exchange –

Example of G.A. Adjustment

XXVI   General Average in Relation to Marine Policies                                        

Introduction – General Average Loss – Measure of Indemnity for G.A. Contribution – Effect of Under-insurance – Excess General Average –

Special G.A. Clauses – Limited Conditions – Apportionment of Interest – Apportionment of Credit Balances

 

XXVII Total Loss                                                                                                     

            Introduction – Actual Total Loss – Notice of Abandonment –

Constructive Total Loss – Measure of Indemnity for Total Loss –

Total Loss of Freight – Time Penalty Clause

 

XXVIII Abandonment and Subrogation                                                                   

Introduction – Effect of Abandonment – Expenses Recoverable from Underwriters – Doctrine of Subrogation – Double Insurance.

 

XXIX   Recoveries from Cargo Carriers                                                                 

            Introduction – Development of the Hague Rules – Scope of the Carriage

of Goods be Sea Act – Main Provisions of the Act – Issue of Bill of

Lading – Limitation of Liability – Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1992 –

The Hamburg Rules – Lightermans’s Liability – Port of London

Authority Liabilities -  Post Office - Lloyd’s Recoveries Department

 

XXX    Recoveries from Rail and Road Carriers                                                   

            Intoduction – Carraige by Rail – C.I.M. Convention – Road Carriers -

            Calculation of Liability – C. M. R Convention

 

XXXI   Reinsurance Recoveries                                                                              

            Introduction – Unauthorised Insurers – Reinsurance “as original” –

Follow Settlements Clause – Reinsurance on Limited Terms –

Reinsurers’ Rights under Subrogation – Reinsurance Treaties –

Excess of Loss – Stop Loss – Tonners and Values Policies

 

XXXII War and Strikes                                                                                                        

            Introduction – Early development of the F C & S Warranty –

Consequences of Hostilities or Warlike Operations – The Coxwold Case –

Effect of the Coxwald Decision – War Exclusion Clause – Strikes

Exclusion Clause - Malicious Acts Exclusion Clause – Radioactive Contamination Exclusion Clause – Institute War Clauses (Cargo): Risks

Covered – Scope of Cover – Strikes Clauses – War and Strikes Clauses:

Hulls – War and Strikes Clauses: Freight – War Risks Club – Detention and Diversion Expenses – Conclusion

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix A      Marine Insurance Act, 1906                                                                

 

Appendix B      Statute Relating to Limitation of Liability                                               

                        (Merchant Shipping Acts)

 

Appendix C      Maritime Conventions Act, 1911                                                         

 

Appendix D      York-Antwerp Rules, 1994 contrasted with                                         

                        York-Antwerp Rules, 1974

 

Appendix E      Association of Average Adjusters’ Rules of Practice                             

 

Appendix F      Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement, 1980               

           

Appendix G      Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement, 1990               

                        Together with Procedural Rules

 

Appendix H      Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement, 1995               

           

Appendix I       Sections from the Merchant Shipping (Salvage and                               

Pollution) Act, 1994 (now incorporated into the Merchant

Shipping Act, 1995) as related to the International Convention

on Salvage, 1989

 

Appendix J       Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1924                                                   

 

Appendix K     Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1971                                                   

 

Appendix L      Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1992                                                   

 

Appendix M     The Hamburg Rules                                                                             

 

Appendix N     Carriage of Goods by Road Act, 1965                                    

 

Appendix O     Unfair Contract Terms Act, 1977                                                         

 

Index