All aspects of shipping law are covered in this guide: Registration and ownership of vessels; Admiralty jurisdiction; Liens; Collisions; Limitation of liability; Oil pollution; General average, salvage and towage; Dispute resolution; Charter parties and bills of lading; and International conventions.
One of a series of clear and concise coursebooks produced for the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers.

Author(s): Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers
Published: 2005
Binding: Paperback
ISBN 10: 1856092828 ISBN 13: 9781856092821

1          Registration and Ownership of Vessels

            1.1       Definition of Ownership

                        1.1.1    The ‘Property’ in Goods

                        1.1.2    The Legal Title in Goods

                        1.1.3    The Equitable Title – Interest in Property

                        1.1.4    Co-Ownership of a Ship

            1.2       The Ownership of the Ship

                        1.2.1    The Ship’s Manager

                        1.2.2    The Ship’s Husband

            1.3       Why are Ships Registered?

            1.4       Registration of British Ships

            1.5       Flags of Convenience

            1.6       The International Transport Workers Federation

            1.7       Mortgages

            1.8       Self-Assessment and Test Questions

 

2          Admiralty Jurisdiction

            2.1       Introduction

            2.2       The Admiralty Court

            2.3       Admiralty Jurisdiction

                        2.3.1    General

                        2.3.2    Types of Actions

                        2.3.3    The in personam action

                        2.3.4    The in rem procedure

                        2.3.5    Statutory Arrest of the ‘Res:

                        2.3.6    Restrictions in the use of the in rem Procedure

                        2.3.7    The Alternative Ship Arrest

                        2.3.8    The Ships’s Agent Right to Arrest

                        2.3.9    The Arrest Itself

                        2.3.10  The Aim of Arrest

            2.4       Freezing Orders – Commonly Referred to as “Mareva Injuctions”

            2.5       Self-Assessment and Test Questions

            Appendices

            2.:1      Supreme Court Act 1981

 

3          LIENS

            3.1       General

                        3.1.1    Types of Liens

                        3.1.2    Possessory Liens

                        3.1.3    General Possessory Liens

                        3.1.4    Particular Possessory Liens

                        3.1.5    The Enforcement of a Lien

            3.2       Equitable Liens

            3.3       Statutory Liens

            3.4       Contractual Liens

            3.5       Maritime Liens

                        3.5.1    Effecting the Maritime Lien

            3.6       Self-Assessment and Test Questions

 

4          Collisions

            4.1       Introduction

            4.2       The Statute of Liberty (1971)

            4.3       No Actual Contact Requirement

            4.4       The Collision regulations

            4.5       Damages

                        4.5.1    Damages When the Ship is Lost

                        4.5.2    Damages When the Ship is Damaged but not Lost

            4.6       The 1910 Collision Convention and the Maritime Conventions Act 1911

            4.7       Self-Assessment and Test Questions

 

5          Limitation of Liability

            5.1       Introduction     

            5.2       Types of Limitation

                        5.2.1    Limitation of Individual Claims

                        5.2.2    Global Limitation

            5.3       The Early Rules in the United Kingdom

            5.4       The 1976 (London) Convention

            5.5       Who has the Right to Limit?

                        5.5.1    Types of Claim for Which Limitation may be Sought

                        5.5.2    Conduction Barring Limitations

            5.6       Set-Off

            5.7       General Limits of Liability

            5.8       How is the Fund Distributed?

                        5.8.1    Other Provisions in Respect of the Fund

                        5.8.2    Other Provisions

5.9       Internaction Between Limitation of Individual Claims and Global/Tonnage Limitation

5.10     Self-Assessment and Test Questions

 

6          Oil Pollution

            6.1       Introduction

            6.2       The Oil Pollution Problem

            6.3       Civil Liabilities

6.3.1    The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution 1992 (CLC)

6.3.2    Purpose of the Convention

6.3.3    The Shipowner’s Liability Under CLC

6.4       The International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Oil Pollution Damage 1992 (The Fund Convention)

            6.4.1    Introduction

            6.4.2    Application of the Fund Convention

            6.4.3    Contributions to the Fund

6.4.4    What Compensation and Indemnity is covered by the Fund Convention?

6.4.5    When does the Fund incur no obligations?

6.4.6    Extinguishing of action against the Fund

            6.5       Common Law Liability – Tresspass

                        6.5.1    The Esso Bernicia

6.6       ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation) ans TOVALOP (The Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for Oil Pollution)

6.7       CRISTAL

6.8       Future Developments

6.9       The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 (MARPOL 1973 and its 1978 Protocol)

            6.9.1    Introduction

            6.9.2    Some of the Principal Features of MARPOL

            6.9.3    The 1978 Protocol

6.10     MARPOL

            6.10.1  Penalties

            6.10.2  Amendments to MARPOL Annex 1 Regulation 13G

6.11     Insurance

6.12     Self-Assessment and Test Questions

 

7          General Average, Salvage and Towage

            7.1       General Average

                        7.1.1    Sacrifice

                        7.1.2    Expenditure

            7.2       Salvage

                        7.2.1    Introduction

                        7.2.2    How Does Salvage Arise?

                        7.2.3    Voluntariness

                        7.2.4    The Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement

                        7.2.5    Special Compensation P & I Club Clause (SCOPIC)

                        7.2.6    The Nagasaki Spirit

                        7.2.7    The International Convention on Salvage 1989

                        7.2.8    Life Salvage

                        7.2.9    How is a Successful Salvor Rewarded?

            7.3       Towage

                        7.3.1    Introduction

            7.4       The United Kingdom Standard Conditions for Towage

                        7.4.1    The Tug Owner’s Right to Limit Liability

                        7.4.2    When May Towage Become Salvage?

            7.5       Self-Assessment and Test Questions

            Appendices

            7:1       York Antwerp Rules 1994

            7:2       Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement

            7:3       SCOPIC 2000

 

8          Dispute Resolution

            8.1       Introduction

                        8.1.1    Advantage of Arbitration

                        8.1.2    Disadvantages of Arbitration

                        8.1.3    Arbitration Centres

                        8.1.4    The Small Claims Procedures

                        8.1.5    LMMA Fast and Low Cost Arbitration (FALCA)

                        8.1.6    Alternative Dispute resolution (ADR)

                        8.1.7    Reference to Arbitration

            8.2       The Arbitration Act 1996

                        8.2.1    The Effect of the Arbitration Agreement

            8.3       The Arbitration Act 1979

                        8.3.1    Judicial Review

                        8.3.2    Reasoned Awards

                        8.3.3    Preliminary Points of Law

                        8.3.4    Further Appeals

                        8.3.5    Exclusions of Judicial Review

            8.4       Enforcement of Arbitration Awards

            8.5       Shipping Disputes and the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgements Act 1982

            8.6       Self-Assessment and Test Questions

 

9          Charter Parties and Bills of Lading

            9.1       Introduction

                        9.1.1    Some Points on Seaworthiness

                        9.1.2    Descriptive Warranties

                        9.1.3    Frustration

            9.2       Time Charters

                        9.2.1    Introduction

                        9.2.2    Speed and Consumption

                        9.2.3    Delivery

                        9.2.4    Redelivery

            9.3       The Final Voyage

                        9.3.1    Illegitimate Final Voyage

                        9.3.2    Last Voyage Clauses

            9.4       Due Payment of Hire/Withdrawal for Non-Payment

            9.5       Responsibility for the Cargo

            9.6       Off-Hire

            9.7       Voyage Charters

                        9.7.1    Introduction

                        9.7.2    Demurrage

                        9.7.3    Exception Clauses

                        9.7.4    Notice of Readiness

                        9.7.5    A Valid NOR

                        9.7.6    Waiver

                        9.7.7    Who Pays for Waiting Time?

                        9.7.8    Port Congestion

            9.8       WIBON

            9.9       Cancelling Clause

                        9.9.1    Freight Payment

                        9.9.2    No Right of Set-Off Against Freight

                        9.9.3    Dead Freight

            9.10     Bareboat Charter

            9.11     Time Bars

                        9.11.1  Statutory Tome Bars

                        9.11.2  Contractual Time Bars

            9.12     Some Legal Aspects of Bills of Lading 

                        9.12.1  Introduction

                        9.12.2  Role and Function of Bills of Lading

                        9.12.3  Functions of Bills of Ladings

                        9.12.4  Liner Bills of Lading

                        9.12.5  Through Bill of Lading

                        9.12.6  Combined Transport Bills of Lading

                        9.12.7  Charter Bills of Lading

            9.13     Identity of Carrier

            9.14     Negotiability of Bills of Lading

            9.15     Clauses in Bills of Lading

                        9.15.1  Himalaya Clause

                        9.15.2  Clause Paramount

                        9.15.3  Jason Clause

                        9.15.4  Both to Blame Collision Clause

            9.16     Self-Assessment and Test Questions

            Appendix

            9:1       Inter-Club New York Produce Exchange Agreement

 

10        International Conventions

            10.1     Introduction

            10.2     International Convention-Producing Organisations

                        10.2.1  International Maritime Organisation (IMO)

                        10.2.2  Maritime Law Committee

                        10.2.3  Comite Maritime International (CMI)

                        10.2.4  United Nations

            10.3     Athens Convention

                        10.3.1  The 2002 Protocol to the Athens Convention

            10.4     Security Conventions

            10.5     test Questions

            Appendix

            10:1a    The Hague Rules as Amended by the Brussels Protocol 1968

            Appendix

            10:1b   United National Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (1978)

 

            Mock Examination

            The Purpose and Scope of this Book and Course Guide